Monarch butterfly migration: Difference between revisions

The migratory patterns may be based on the position of the sun in the sky including its angle and spectrum changes that occur near the end of the summer breeding season.<ref>Gugliotta, Guy (2003).[http://ipm.osu.edu/trans/053_231.htm Butterflies Guided By Body Clocks, Sun Scientists Shine Light on Monarchs' Pilgrimage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060305034410/http://ipm.osu.edu/trans/053_231.htm |date=2006-03-05 }}. ''[[Washington Post]]'', May 23, 2003, page A03. Retrieved January 7, 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=June 10, 2003| last=Roach | first=John| title = Internal Clock Leads Monarch Butterflies to Mexico| publisher=National Geographic News| url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/06/0610_030610_monarchs.html| accessdate = September 9, 2014}}</ref> The proposed Sun compass depends upon a [[circadian clock]] based in their antennae.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Merlin | first1 = C | last2 = Gegear | first2 = RJ | last3 = Reppert | first3 = SM. | year = 2009 | title = Antennal circadian clocks coordinate sun compass orientation in migratory monarch butterflies | url = | journal = Science | volume = 325 | issue = 5948| pages = 1700–1704 | doi = 10.1126/science.1176221 | pmid = 19779201 | pmc = 2754321 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kyriacou | first1 = CP. | year = 2009 | title = Unraveling Traveling | url = | journal = Science | volume = 325 | issue = 5948| pages = 1629–1630 | doi = 10.1126/science.1178935 | pmid = 19779177 }}</ref> The antennae contain [[cryptochrome]], a photoreceptor protein sensitive to the violet-blue part of the light spectrum. In the presence of violet or blue light, it can function as a chemical compass.<ref name="GEGEAR">{{cite journal |author=Robert J. Gegear, Lauren E. Foley, Amy Casselman & Steven M. Reppert |year=2010 |title=Animal cryptochromes mediate magnetoreception by an unconventional photochemical mechanism |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/nature08719 |pmid=20098414 |pmc=2820607 |url=http://reppertlab.org/media/files/publications_files/naturepaperfeb11_01.pdf |format=PDF |volume=463 |issue=7282 |pages=804–807|last2=Foley |last3=Casselman |last4=Reppert }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100125094645.htm |title=Monarch butterflies make use of a chemical magnetic compass |doi=10.1038/nature08719|publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=January 27, 2010 |accessdate=August 15, 2013}}</ref>

Indigenous people groups, residents, farmers and landowners surrounding the overwintering sites have made statements about their dissatisfaction with the involvement of Canadian and American conservationists concerning the enforcement of restricting the use of lands in and around preserves. Sustainable development in the areas surrounding overwintering colonies has been identified as a major factor in conservation efforts. It refers to the substitution of economic activities that have a negative effect on conservation efforts with economic opportunities that have a positive effect on conservation goals. Mexican communities have expressed concern with the limitations placed on their use of land and resources. Conservation proposals are met with 'little enthusiasm' if not inclusive of local interests.<ref name=mariposa>{{cite news|title=1997 North American Conference on the Monarch Butterfly|work=Roundtable Discussions and Priority Actions|agency=Commission for Environmental Cooperation|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Officeof International Affairs|page=3,4,10,18|date=November 10–14, 1997|language=en, es}}</ref><ref name="Ramirez2003">{{cite journal |last1 = Ramírez |first1 = Maria Isabel |last2 = Azcárate |first2 = Joaquín G. |last3 = Luna |first3 = Laura |year = 2003 |title= Effects of human activities on Monarch Butterfly habitat in protected mountain forests, Mexico |journal = Forestry Chronicle |volume = 79 |issue = 2| pages = 242–246 |publisher=Canadian Institute of Forestry |url = http://pubs.cif-ifc.org/doi/abs/10.5558/tfc79242-2 |doi = 10.5558/tfc79242-2 |accessdate = 2014-10-10}}</ref><ref name="Tucker2004">{{cite journal |last1 = Tucker |first1 = Catherine |year = 2004 |title = Community Institutions and Forest Management in Mexico's Monarch Butterfly Reserve |journal = Society and Natural Resources |volume = 17 |issue = 7 |pages = 569–587 |publisher = Routledge |url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Daph%26AN%3D13775154%26site%3Dehost-live |doi = 10.1080/08941920490466143 |issn = 1521-0723 |accessdate = 2014-10-10}}</ref><ref name="wwfregion">{{cite web |url= http://wwf.org.mx/wwfmex/prog_bosques_fs_mm.php |title= Región Mariposa Monarca |year=2007 |publisher=World Wildlife Fund Mexico |location=Mexico |language=Spanish |trans-title=Monarch Butterfly Region |accessdate=December 19, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104180128/http://www.wwf.org.mx/wwfmex/prog_bosques_fs_mm.php |archivedate=January 4, 2011 |df= }}</ref>